Cystoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure used to examine the interior of the bladder and urethra. It involves the use of a cystoscope, a thin, flexible or rigid tube with a light and camera at the end, which allows the urologist to visually inspect these areas.
Indications for Cystoscopy
Diagnosing the Cause of Symptoms: Such as blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), pain during urination, and urinary urgency or frequency.
Evaluating Abnormal Urine Tests: When abnormalities are detected in urine cytology or urinalysis.
Investigating Bladder Problems: Such as bladder tumors, stones, or foreign bodies.
Monitoring Bladder Conditions: Follow-up for conditions like bladder cancer.
Assessing Anatomical Abnormalities: Including strictures, diverticula, or congenital abnormalities.
Treatment Purposes: Removing small bladder tumors, stones, or taking biopsies.
Types of Cystoscopes
Flexible Cystoscope: More comfortable, used for diagnostic purposes, and can be performed under local anesthesia.
Rigid Cystoscope: Offers better visualization and is often used for therapeutic procedures. Typically requires regional or general anesthesia.
Procedure
1. Preparation
Patients may be advised to avoid eating or drinking for a few hours before the procedure if anesthesia is used.
A pre-procedure urine test may be conducted to check for infections.
Antibiotics may be given to prevent infection.
2. During the Procedure
The patient lies on their back with knees bent and legs apart.
Local anesthetic gel is applied to the urethra, or anesthesia is administered.
The cystoscope is gently inserted into the urethra and advanced into the bladder.
Sterile water or saline may be instilled to expand the bladder and improve visibility.
The urologist examines the urethra and bladder, looking for abnormalities.
3. Duration
The procedure usually takes 5 to 20 minutes.
Post-Procedure Care
Immediate Recovery: Patients can typically go home the same day if local anesthesia was used. If general or regional anesthesia was used, a short recovery period is required.
Symptoms: It is common to experience mild burning during urination, blood-tinged urine, and a frequent urge to urinate for a day or two.
Hydration: Drinking plenty of water can help flush the bladder and reduce discomfort.
Follow-Up: Any biopsies taken during the procedure will be sent to a lab, and follow-up appointments will be scheduled to discuss results and further management.
Cystoscopy is a valuable tool in urology for diagnosing and treating a range of urinary tract issues. Its ability to provide direct visualization of the bladder and urethra makes it essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.
